{"id":122,"date":"2022-07-06T17:49:45","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T14:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/?p=122"},"modified":"2022-09-19T17:44:05","modified_gmt":"2022-09-19T14:44:05","slug":"viyana-kusatmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/viyana-kusatmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"I. ve II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, tarihte b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar vermi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6llere ve okyanuslara kadar geni\u015fletmi\u015f olan devletlerden biridir. B\u00fcy\u00fck askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 beraberinde getiren sava\u015flar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmesine yard\u0131m ederken bir yandan da topraklar\u0131 idare zorlu\u011funu beraberinde getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Askeri yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 son derece muazzam bir ordu yap\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde birtak\u0131m ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klardan s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlardan birisi de I. ve II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmalar\u0131d\u0131r. I. Viyana ku\u015fatmas\u0131 neden ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu<\/strong>\u00a0sorusuna o d\u00f6nemi yak\u0131ndan inceleyerek yan\u0131t vermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve Nedenleri<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Moha\u00e7 Meydan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Macaristan, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015f ve tampon b\u00f6lge haline getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Avusturya Ar\u015fid\u00fck\u00fc olan Ferdinand ise bu topraklar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinde olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Ferdinand, bu duruma bir son vermek amac\u0131 ile \u015earlken\u2019in de deste\u011fini alarak Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman taraf\u0131ndan yetkilendirilen Jan Zapolya\u2019y\u0131 tan\u0131mam\u0131\u015f ve Budin\u2019e girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu durumu \u00f6\u011frenen Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman ise Budin\u2019i yeniden alarak Ferdinand ve \u015earlken\u2019i ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011fratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olay \u00fczerine ise hem Ferdinand hem de \u015earlken Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olan Viyana\u2019ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman da Viyana\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatma alt\u0131na almak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ku\u015fatman\u0131n farkl\u0131 nedenleri de bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

Avusturya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kendi \u00fclkesinde ki Macar halk\u0131na k\u00f6t\u00fc muamelede bulunuyor ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek vergilerle ezilmelerine neden oluyordu. Macar ve Avusturya halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda ki mezhep \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeni ile Macarlar\u0131n burada hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 bulunmuyordu. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayaklanma ba\u015flatmak isteyen Macarlar ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olma korkusu ile Osmanl\u0131dan yard\u0131m istemi\u015fti. T\u00fcm bu nedenler toplulu\u011fu ise\u00a0I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h2>\n

I.Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman \u00f6nderli\u011finde ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ku\u015fatma olup yine onun emri ile kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ku\u015fatman\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve T\u00fcrk tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. I. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong> \u015fu maddeler halinde a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir:<\/p>\n

Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n azameti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Ferdinand \u015fehri terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nKu\u015fatman\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131nda k\u0131\u015f mevsiminin etkisi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Her taraf batakl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f, erzak azalm\u0131\u015f ve kay\u0131plar \u00e7o\u011falmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda ku\u015fatman\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.
\nHer ne kadar ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclse de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupa taraf\u0131ndan tam olarak hissedilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBu sava\u015f Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin art\u0131k sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczeninden topraklar\u0131n\u0131 koruma d\u00fczenine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi d\u00f6nemin ilk safhas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

I.Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/a> tarihte Osmanl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan bir ku\u015fatmad\u0131r. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n uzun padi\u015fahl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde ki nadir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klardan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Viyana<\/p>\n

II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve \u00d6nemi<\/h2>\n

II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>1683 senesinde IV. Mehmet d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve yine ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanan ku\u015fatmalardan biridir. 17.y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lan ku\u015fatma Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Avusturya aras\u0131nda ki en uzun s\u00fcren kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fatma \u00f6ncesinde 1676 senesinde d\u00f6nemin Sadrazam\u0131 olan Faz\u0131l Ahmed Pa\u015fa vefat etmi\u015ftir. Bu vefat \u00fczerine ise sadrazaml\u0131k makam\u0131na Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n getirilmesi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu d\u00f6nemde devam eden Rusya seferi yap\u0131lan bir anla\u015fma ile bitirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Macaristan\u2019ta i\u015fler kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Macaristan Avusturya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 yeniden ayaklanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00f6keli \u0130mre Osmanl\u0131 himayesini istemi\u015f ve Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan Orta Macaristan\u2019\u0131n Kral\u0131 olarak tahta oturmu\u015ftur. Macar lideri olan T\u00f6keli \u0130mre bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra Avusturya Kral\u0131 olan I. Leopold ile m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00a0Bu m\u00fccadele kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden yard\u0131m isteyerek II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015fatmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ki\u015fi Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fad\u0131r. 60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ku\u015fatma s\u00fcresince Viyana kap\u0131lar\u0131na 18 b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli beklemeyi tercih etmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Papa\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na Lehistan Kral\u0131 Jan Sobiyeski de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermi\u015ftir. Bu yard\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordusu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck ordu aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir\u00e7ok nedeninden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n


\nHasan Sabbah ve Ha\u015fha\u015filer Kimdir?<\/a>
\n<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 Neden Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z Oldu?<\/h2>\n

Tarihte \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan II. Viyana ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok neden bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 ordusu sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda ku\u015fatma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece \u00f6nemli olabilecek olan toplar\u0131 g\u00f6t\u00fcrmemi\u015ftir.
\nAvrupa\u2019da ki di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok devlet Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na yan\u0131t vermi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda birlik olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nViyana \u015fehrinin etraf\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc surlar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ku\u015fatmada Osmanl\u0131ya yard\u0131m s\u00f6z\u00fc veren K\u0131r\u0131m Han\u0131 Leh ordular\u0131n\u0131n Tuna\u2019dan ge\u00e7mesine mani olamam\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n iki ordu aras\u0131nda kalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.
\nMerzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa yeterli haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapmadan bu ku\u015fatmay\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nSadrazam \u015fehrin ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131 Yeni\u00e7eriye yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda ordunun sava\u015fma iste\u011fi k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nMerzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa \u015fehri yak\u0131p y\u0131karak almaktansa \u015fehrin tahrip olmadan kendisinin teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemi\u015ftir.
\nUzun s\u00fcren ku\u015fatma nedeni ile erzaklar yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu olayda Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa padi\u015fah\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015f olsa da bir\u00e7ok devlet adam\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131ktan sadrazam\u0131 sorumlu tutmu\u015ftur. Ku\u015fatmadan birka\u00e7 ay sonra ise Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa idam edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Viyana<\/p>\n

II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/h2>\n

II. Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Devleti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r olmu\u015ftur. Bu ku\u015fatma sonras\u0131nda devlet Duraklama D\u00f6nemine girmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k neticesinde Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa idam edilmi\u015f yerine de Kara \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa sadrazaml\u0131k makam\u0131na getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Avrupa Devletleri bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u00fcrekli bir geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck yenilgi sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Vi\u015fgrad, Budin ve Uyvar kalelerini kaybetmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan Kutsal \u0130ttifak \u00fclkeleri s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, tarihte b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar vermi\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6llere ve okyanuslara kadar geni\u015fletmi\u015f olan devletlerden biridir. B\u00fcy\u00fck askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 beraberinde getiren sava\u015flar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmesine yard\u0131m ederken bir yandan da topraklar\u0131 idare zorlu\u011funu beraberinde getiriyordu. … <\/p>\n

Devam\u0131n\u0131 Oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":125,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarih"],"views":1713,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=122"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/122\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=122"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/almanca.com.tr\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}